Cancer, Cell Phones, and Electrons - Freaky Fzx Friday on Wave Particle Duality

Back in 1905 Einstein showed us that light acts as a particle when it hits things.

Those look like waves but they're labeled "photons" - that's the name for a particle of light.  It's a problem because

and we need keep that in mind.

But we still don't really get it. Light is a form of electromagnetic energy.  Here is the spectrum.  All of these waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum and act just like light.  They have different wavelengths and frequencies but they travel like waves - electric and magnetic waves - and collide as particles.

From our equation,

we know that the higher frequency EM waves strike as particles with higher energy.

Now let's talk cancer.  DNA must be changed in the cells of an organism in order for cancer to take hold.

Only waves above a certain threshold can strike DNA as particles with enough energy to knock electrons off and change the structure of DNA and perhaps cause cancer.

I say perhaps since this kind of thing happens on a regular basis and most cells repair themselves or self-destruct.

And NO.  Microwaves cannot cause cancer any more than visible light can.  Radio waves, cell phone signals, radar guns - none have enough energy when colliding as particles to do more than vibrate particles.

But the key to all this discussion is that LIGHT WAVES COLLIDE AS PARTICLES.  And no studies have shown a real increase in cancer rate from cell phone or microwave oven use.

This video misses that point but does bring up the idea that if visible light doesn't cause cancer, cell phones can't.

This video mentions frequency but misses that essential fact of the particle nature of waves when striking matter.

And here's Veritasium's weak and somewhat unclear video on the subject - that is what science is like - sometimes weak and unclear.

The key to this discussion is truly freaky.  Electromagnetic waves act as particles when being generated -   - and when colliding.  That's why cell phones never cause cancer.  Nor can microwaves or visible light.

So the next time Grandma or your friend tells you that cell phones - or whatever - can cause cancer, just tell her all about how those waves of radiation collide as particles and only the high energy particles like UV, X, or Gamma can cause changes in DNA chemical structure leading to possible cancer.

Or just smile and change the subject.

You've been told not to talk about religion or politics since it will lead to arguments.  Add Freaky Fzx to the list - it just gets people angry.  I've tried it.

Photoelectric Effect Explained - Freaky Fzx Friday

Etna's Light Up Night Fireworks are always pretty good and we've been going since they started.  Tiny children don't like the scary sounds but they do like the colors.  On the day after Thanksgiving my Mom and Dad and our family headed over to the ball field to watch the flames of the bonfire supervised by the local VFD and await the colors in the sky.

BabyGirl buried her face in my shoulder and started screaming almost immediately - totally expected so I just walked away with her and sat down planning to cover her ears.  As I was sitting, a gentleman from the Etna Fire Police offered me his truck.  Not a bad idea so we sat in the front seat of his truck to watch the fireworks without all the sound after he cleared it of fast food wrappers.

Beautiful.

BUT

Back in 1887 around the same time that Michelson and Morley were discovering that light never changes speed in a vacuum - the basis of Einstein's Special Relativity - the PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT was observed.  only certain wavelengths of light allowed electrons to be emitted.

Here is the apparatus.

The year was 1905.  1897 saw the discovery of the electron and the Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Model of the Atom reigned supreme.  Rutherford had yet to discover the nucleus and the proton.

Einstein took center stage again with his explanation of another two decade unsolved problem in Physics.

Lets' step forward to a model of the atom that you are more familiar with for this explanation.  Bohr didn't propose it until 1913 and we're still in 1905 so Einstein didn't have it but it'll help us.

When an electron is kicked out of an atom for some reason - heat or electricity or radiation - it leaves a space that must be filled.

Here is the emission.

The frequency of the light emitted or absorbed is dependent upon this equation.

It works for absorption - the photoelectric effect - or emission - fireworks.

Every atom is different so every atom emits and absorbs different particles of light - different photons.  More on that next time.

The crazy conclusion is that

And light can act as a wave or as a particle.  That had been a debate for hundreds of years - wave or particle.  Max Planck had proposed that light could act as a wave or as a particle in 1900.

Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect was an early foray into what we call "quantum theory." Einstein won his only Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921, 16 years after his paper was written.  They were catching up since the Nobel Prizes started in 1901.

But remember that this is what the atom really looks like.

It was Albert Einstein
again
in 1905
contributing major ideas to another field of study.

First it was Relativity and how different mass and spacetime are near the speed of light.

Then it was Quantum Theory and how what we know as waves can act as particles.

Those problems took an Einstein.  It doesn't take an Einstein, however, to do well in this class.

Relativity and Science Fiction - Freaky Fzx Friday - Birthday Edition

Readers would get seriously bored if science fiction followed the laws of Physics.  Movies would be even boringer.

Imagine if it took months or years to reach the nearest planet.  Imagine if it would take tens of thousands of years to reach the nearest star system.  And remember that you would have to take everything with you.  Your fuel and your food.  Your medical supplies.  Everything.

That's the reality. Some SciFi adventures have taken place entirely in our solar system.

2001: A Space Odyssey

War of the Worlds

Event Horizon - kinda - it seems that they went to hell or hell went to them.

Apollo 13 - definitely fiction

But we know that there is no other intelligent life in this system so we have to venture far away to other solar systems in our galaxy to see other life.  BUT we have to break laws of physics and invent new technologies in order to go so far.

Dr. Who built a time machine inside a police box

You could be aboard a living ship called Moya in Farscape.

You could make the jump to light speed using the hyperdrive on the Millennium Falcon in Star Wars.

You could leap from one place to another in the universe using a pair of Stargates

You could "make it so" aboard the Enterprise D at Warp factor 11.

You could get lost on the other side of the galaxy through a spacetime accident and be assimilated by the Borg in Star Trek Voyager.

You could even park a space station at the edge of a wormhole ala Star Trek Deep Space Nine.

Each of these imaginary situations depends on a warping of spacetime.  They all depend on an understanding of Einstein's General Relativity.  They do, however, warp the universe so hard as to break the laws of physics but it makes the reading and viewing so much more entertaining.

A Star Trek warp bubble

Wormholes and Stargates warp space and time

The DeLorean is real.  I've seen it in Etna.

That which  was future is now the present.

These imaginary fictional travels are great for imagination. They allow us to project our minds to other systems, other times, other  worlds.  And they allow the writers to advocate against the stupidity of racism and other social problems all around us.  Star Trek was written and produced in the mid 1960s during the cold war and civil rights movement in the US.

The Original Series included a black woman, a Russian, an Asian, and a Vulcan as main characters.  It wasn't just a science fiction series.

Whether making social statements or just telling stories of far-flung travel among the stars, science fiction twists real science in such a way that it becomes unrecognizable.  They sometimes use real science terms and turn them in on themselves like a black holes turns spacetime in on itself.  But they're fascinating.  All of them.  Where else can you get beyond cutting edge technology and interspecies collaboration all wrapped up in an adventure story?

And I didn't even include subjects like matter-antimatter drives and transporters.  I'll save that for next time.  More Einstein and the famousest equation in the universe.